Minority languages in the UK

English is the most dominant language in Great Britain Island, Island of Ireland, and Isle of Man, but Celtic languages, such as Welsh, Cornish, Scots, and Gaelic, used to be major languages in these islands in the past. In Ireland, which used to be controlled by Britain for a long time, 1,700,000 people used to speak Gaelic in 1850. As time passed, the number of Gaelic speakers declined. It dropped to 680,000 in 1891. However, Douglas Hyde established Gaelic League at the same time of a rise of action claimed for autonomy of Ireland. The purpose was to stop permeation of English language and protect the areas where Gaelic was spoken and help Gaelic language revive. Gaelic became a symbol of a nation. After Republic of Ireland was established in 1922, Gaelic became a required class. In spite of this, the number of Gaelic speakers declined to 120,000 in 1926, 70,000 in 1961, and 32,000 in 1980. However, because of the result of education, statistically, the number of people who has knowledge of Gaelic today is 41 percent.


Welsh


Welsh is a national language of Wales (Red part of the map) as well as English. 80 percent of people who lived in Wales used to be able to speak Welsh at the early 19th century, but the number of Welsh speakers decreased as English became more common. It dropped to 54 percent in 1891, 40 percent in 1911, 30 percent in 1951, and 25 percent in 1971. At last it became 18 percent. In order to solve this problem, Welsh Language Society was established in 1962, and teaching Welsh at the beginning stage of elementary school and junior high school became compulsory. In a statistics of 1997, schools whose all classes or a part of class were done by Welsh accounted for approximately 20 percent. Schools which taught Welsh as a second language were over 75 percent. As the result, the number of Welsh speaker increased to 20.5 percent according to the research done in 2001.




Many other things have been done in order to protect Welsh other than these things above. For example, using Welsh on signs as well as English, broadcasting in both languages English and Welsh, and using both languages on websites. Personally, I think that the best way is based on education because we have to have many young generations who can speak Welsh, otherwise no one will be able to speak and teach Welsh in the future. Then Welsh could be extinct. In this sense, I think educating students in Welsh and teaching Welsh as a second language is a good idea, and they do have to do so that Welsh can survive. A language is strongly intertwined with a culture. A language dies, which means a culture dies. As a student who are learning English, I think English ia a great tool to communicate with many people from all over the world; however, I also think we should protect minority languages as well in order to protect their cultures.


Reference
Deguchi, Yasuo. Kobayashi, Akio. Saitou, Takako. The 21st Century Encyclopeadia of British Culture. Tokyo: Tokyo shoseki, 2009.

Wycombe Abbey

Wycombe Abbey is one of the famous independent girls' schools in the UK, established in 1896. This school is located in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire. About 540 students, ranged from 11 to 18, are studying there. This school is a bording school, which means most students are staying there to study. I will show you more about what boarding is in this entry.

Aims and Ethos

The students' happiness and well-being are considered the most important.

The school's core values are trust, encouragement, and mutual respect.

Boarding School

The reason why this school is boarding school , according to web site, is "Always with friends", "Less time commuting to school and more doing something more interesting". There are a lot of merits being a boarding student. One girl states in school website, "Being a boarding environment allows Wycombe to become more than a school; it becomes a community." It seems to clearly show what boarding is like. Another student says, "You can go to see a teacher for help anytime." For them as students who study seriously, no wonder they have some hardtime to study and want to ask questions to teachers. I think this environment staying with students and teachers are good so that they can get more motivated and inspired to study. However, there are a few students called day boarder, but many of them choose to do full boarding later if there is bed vacancy.

Sport

Playing sports is one of the important aspect of Wycombe life. At the first few years, students are taught lacrosse, swimming, netball, gymnastics, dance, cross-country, athletics, and tennis. At Wycombe Abbey, a lot of sporting facilities are available. For example, The Sports Center, which opened in March 2004, has 25 m 6 lane swimming pool, sports hall, gymnasium, dance studio, fitness, 4 glass-squash court, and climbing wall. I was very surprised that they have a lot of sporting facilities, especially the fact they have a climbing wall seems to be very unusual to me. I suppose that they feel much stress if they only focus on study; therefore, I think having a lot of sporting facilities is good. Besides, I have heard that exercise makes study more effective. In this sense, Wycombe Abbey has a good balance study and sport.

Universities in the UK

Between 20 th century and 21th century, British university has been changing a lot. The number of professors got bigger, and the number of students also got bigger at the same time. In addition to traditional courses, a lot of new majors increased. Besides As the consequence introducing American way, result-oriented method, professors have gotten more motivated for education. At first I think you would imagine Oxbridge (Oxford and Cambridge) as British university. Both universities are prestigious and have some Nobel Prize winners.Each university in the UK is called ancient university, red brick university, or plate glass university and so on according to what university's building is made by.

Ancient Universities
Oxbridge and four universities in Scottoland (University of St Andrews, University of Glasgow, University of Aberdeen, and University of Edinburgh) have more than 500 years history. The buildings of these universities are mainly made up of limestone. The University of Oxford is the olderst university in the UK, which was established in 11th century. As of 2008, 47 nobel prise winners, 25 prime ministers, 6 kings, over 50 Olympic medalists graduated from Oxford.




Red Brick Universities
Relatively new universities which established mainly between late 19 th century and mid 20 th century are often called “Red Brick University”. The reason why they are called that is because buildings are made of red brick. The person who mentioned this word, red brick university, at first is Edgar Allison Peers, who was a professor teaching Spanish in University of Liverpool. He called these six universities;University of Manchester, University of Liverpool, University of Birmingham, University of Leeds, University of Sheffield, and University of Bristol as red brick universities.

Plate Glass Universities
Since 1960s, a lot of universities were founded in the UK based on "The Robbins Report", which called for expansion of universities. As the result, nearly twenty new universities were established. Since they are constructed by steel and plate glasses which are put in concrete frames, they started to be called plate glass university.
For example, University of East Anglia, University of York, and University of Essex are called plate glass university.

Reference
Deguchi, Yasuo. Kobayashi, Akio. Saitou, Takako. The 21st Century Encyclopeadia of British Culture. Tokyo: Tokyo shoseki, 2009.

Class System in the UK

Although the class system has been getting less serious between 20th century and 21st century, it still exists in British society. Plus these days, people called "New Rich" who became wealthy through IT business came out. British class system is roughly divided into four groups, which are Upper Class, Upper Middle Class, Middle Class, and Working Class. According to the book, The 21st Century Encyclopedia of British Culture, only one percent of people belong to Upper Class. 10-20 percent of people belong to Upper Middle Class. 30-40 percent of people belong to Middle Class. The rest of people are Working Class. Of course there are many homeless in the UK, and we can categorize the class into more complicated, but there are four classes if we roughly classify as I stated.　

• What kind of class is New Rich?

In 1970, the UK was struggling for depression and working conflict. Especially in 1978, many strikes broke out because of opposition against the policy by the government which restricted wages. As the result, Conservative Party lead by Prime Minister Thatcher was established. She carried out very aggressive method so that economy would turn back to normal. For example, introducing foreign capital and following competitive principle. Thanks to this, British economy got better in 1990s through 21st century. The main thing helped this boom was IT business, and the people who got rich from IT business are called New Rich. However, due to subprime mortgage crisis occurred in the US in 2008, British economy nosedived. At the same time some New Rich people are facing seriously bad situation.

• What kind of jobs are classified into these four groups?

Upper Class
 Aristocrats such as royal family
Upper Middle Class
 Doctor
 Laywer
 CEO
 Professor
Middle Class
 Company employee
 Public employee
Working Class
 Those who are doing physical work, in other word the unskilled

• What difference does each class have?

One characteristics between each class is accent. Generally speaking, we can recognize what class they belong to by their accent. The typical British English is called“RP (Received Pronunciation)" also known as “King’s English”, “Queen’s English”. It is said that people who can speak RP is below three percent of the population. Former prime minister of the UK, Tony Blair, is a good example who can speak RP. He might have been naturally practicing speaking RP through his career, which he went to public school, Oxford University, and became a lawyer. Meanwhile Margaret Thatcher is said that having taken lessons how to speak RP with a tutor after she became prime minister. Strictly speaking, RP and the pronunciation spoken by Upper Class are different. Originally RP is the pronunciation spoken by educated people in Upper Middle who went to public school and a prestigious university such as Oxford and Cambridge. Upper Class consists of only a few royal family and aristocrats, and their accent is just their own language, not RP.

• Movie recommended to learn British Class System
  

My Fair Lady

The Full Monty

Reference
Deguchi, Yasuo. Kobayashi, Akio. Saitou, Takako. The 21st Century Encyclopeadia of British Culture. Tokyo: Tokyo shoseki, 2009.

Culture of British Meal

Development of English Breakfast

• In 18th century, when the industrial revolution developed, there were not so many people who were too busy in the morning. Especially for the men working in factories, it was necessary to get enough nutrition in the morning to manage harsh working.
  
  
• At the end of 18th century, tea, toast with butter, and porridge became very popular, and the custom eating three meals a day became common (They used to eat two meals a day).
  


• In 19th century, the breakfast developed more. Hot dish put with boiled egg, scrambled egg, and pork chop became common, which made people got easier to get energy in the morning.
  
  
• At the end of 19th century, current English style of breakfast was established, which is tea and toast for main, meat, fish, egg, and bunch of vegetables.

Afternoon Tea

The custom having afternoon tea was introduced by Anna Maria Stanhope in the middle of 19th century. At that time, because the time to eat dinner for the nobility was getting late gradually, they could not resisit hunger; therefore, noble ladies started to drink tea and eat snacks, which was the start of afternoon tea. Meanwhile at the end of 10th century, although afternoon tea began for the nobility to satisfy their hunger, it spreaded rapidly to commoners as well. They served tea with luxurious silverwares for the guests. Afternoon tea was not only for just drinking tea but also for showing their status and enjoying an elegance.

Reference
Deguchi, Yasuo. Kobayashi, Akio. Saitou, Takako. The 21st Century Encyclopeadia of British Culture. Tokyo: Tokyo shoseki, 2009.

Drinking in Britain

What drink do you think is the most popular in Britain? Tea? Yes, but actually beer has longer history than tea and have been loved by many British people. It is said that beer and wine are the oldest alcohol and have already made in Mesopotamia civilization; however, they cannot make much wine in Britain due to climate condition; therefore, beer became very popular. After Middle Age, they even brewed beer in a monaster. People in Middle Age would often drink beer with bread to get nutrition out of beer. Cider, made by fermented apple, is also a famous alcohol beverage. Especially teenagers like to drink this because this taste is really sweet and easy to drink, but you have to be careful that this is still alcohol and not to drink too much.





Gin is not really common alcohol compared to beer, but there is an interesting fact in history over Gin. In 18th century Gin, which was poor in quality, was imported to Britain from Netherland, and it became popular and was drunk among many people. Especially those who lived in slums drank in order to prevent from coldness. As the results some people got issues, such as alcoholism, health problems, which caused a lot of troubles. Due to these incidents, the law in order to restrict Gin took effect in 1736 and 1751. This law made situation better; However, Gin abuse became serious again in 19 century. The big pub, called "Gin palace" was crowded with people who were crazy about Gin, and even kids went to the pub. Again, because of this serious situation, alcohol prohibition law was made and enforced. Queen Victoria also tackled this problem and soothed this situation.






Pub is derived from "Public House", which has been really popular among British peopele. Even small village has pubs. They talk and socialize themselves, drink, and eat so called pub menu like fish and chips. One of the funny thing about pub is its name. Probably the majorest name is "Red Lion". "King's Head" and "King's Arm" are also major ones. Some pub's names are very strange. For example, "The Bucket of Blood" and "Nobody Inn". Each name of pub has its own derivation. Pub is strongly connected with life of British people.


Reference
Deguchi, Yasuo. Kobayashi, Akio. Saitou, Takako. The 21st Century Encyclopeadia of British Culture. Tokyo: Tokyo shoseki, 2009.

Feedback toward Final Reports by Classmates

I think all of reports are nice, but especially I like reports by Azusa, Miki, and Mitsu. The thing I like about Azusa’s report is that she is comparing New Zealand English and American English. For example, “toilet” is formal word for British English; however, it’s considered too direct for American English, and I also like her structure. It’s easy to see and understand.

I also think Miki’s report is good. The pictures of endangered birds really help me and interest me. Especially, I was so surprised at Moa, which is extinct. I did not know even there was such a huge bird. Plus, I think the description of each bird is very understandable.

Although these reports I mentioned above are good, Mitsu's report would be my best. What makes his report different is that he put the index at very top, which facilitates to follow the content of the report. His description is detailed and clear, and the layout is also easy to see. Oveall his report is fantastic.

Natural Disasters in New Zealand's History

New Zealand is famous for its beautiful nature. Probably most people imagine New Zealand’s very calm and peaceful circumstances, such as beautiful mountains, Blue Ocean, blue sky, and nice weather, but it had some terrible natural disasters in history. I will introduce you the terrible natural disasters ever happened in New Zealand.

According to website, GNS science, about 10,000 to 15,000 earthquakes occurs in New Zealand each year, but most of them are too small to be felt. 100 to 150 quakes are big enough to be felt, which means only one percent of earthquake can be felt. On average, New Zealand can expect several magnitude 6 earthquakes every year, one magnitude 7 every 10 years, and a magnitude 8 every century.

Earthquake

Wairarapa Earthquake happened in 1855 close to Wellington and is known as the most powerful earthquake ever happened in New Zealand since systematic European colonization began in 1840. This earthquake altered the landscape of Wellington. Even though magnitude of earthquake was huge, only five to nine people are estimated to have died; one person is known to have died in Wellington because the city had been extensively rebuilt following the 1848 Marlborough earthquake using mainly wooden structures. The earthquake was associated with the split of about 150 km of the Wairarapa Fault.











Napier Earthquake happened in 1931 whose center is 15km north of Napier. The magnitude itself is less powerful than that of Wairarapa Earthquake, but casualties are much more than Wairarapa Earthquake. Death toll includes 161 people in Napier, 93 in Hastings, and two in Wairoa. Thousands more were injured, with over 400 hospitalised Napier and Hastings were devastated with this earthquake. The earthquake caused a dramatic landscape change around Napier. The most noticeable land change was the uplifting of the Ahuriri Lagoon. The lagoon was lifted more than 2.7 meters, which resulted in draining 2230 hectares of the lagoon. Currently there are farmland and the Hawkes Bay Airport around the area. After the earthquake, many buildings built during the 1930s and 1940s were heavily reinforced. Napier architecture is regarded today as one of the finest examples of Art Deco in New Zealand. Hastings was also rebuilt with many Art Deco and Spanish Mission style buildings.



Volcanic Eruption

The active volcanoes in New Zealand are all part of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, such as White Island, Tongariro, Ngauruhoe, and Ruapehu. White Island is located in Bay of Plenty. This volcano is continuously active, and 70% of this volcano is under the water, which makes this is the largest volcano in New Zealand. Tongariro, Ngauruhoe, and Ruapehu are all located in Tongariro National Park. Tongariro’s volcanic activity is currently limited to geothermal features, such as warm ground, steam and gas emissions, and hot springs. Ngauruhoe erupted last in 1975. It takes about 3-4 hour walk from Mangatepopo carpark, but since this volcano is active, you should approach the crater carefully with experienced and equipped parties.Ruapehu caused the worst damage by lahars on December24th in 1953. At this time, the train bridge was destroyed, and the train fell from the bridge, caused 151people to death. Recently it erupted on September 25th in 2007, and three people were injured.

Eruption of Mt. Tarawera in 1886 is very famous. This eruption killed over a hundred people. The volcano is surrounded by many lakes created or altered due to eruption in 1886, such as Lakes Tarawera, Rotomahana, Rerewhakaaitu, Okataina, Okareka, Tikitapu, and Rotokakahi.There used to be Pink and White Terraces located on the edges of Rotomahana near Rotorua, but hot mud, red hot boulders and huge clouds of black ash caused by eruption of Mt. Tarawera passed through Lake Rotomahana, which completely destroyed and disappear Pink and White Terraces, and buried several villages of Maori and European. This place used to be considered a natural wonder until it disappeared, and also Pink and White Terraces attracted many tourists from Europe in the early 1880s although New Zealand was not so accessible at that time. They actually could bathe in the water of Pink and White Terraces.. Interestingly on May 31 in 1886, a phantom war canoe whose outline was ghostly, appeared across the waters of Lake Tarawera in the morning mists. Strangely no one had such a canoe around the lake, and not only one witness saw that but also some other people saw the same canoe. Maori people thought that this was omen that something bad would happen. 11 days later, Tarawera erupted.

Tangiwai Railway Disaster

This event itself is not actually a natural disaster but caused by a natural disaster. On Christmas Eve in 1953, the train carrying 285 passengers crossed the bridge without knowing that the bridge was damaged due to lahars from Mt. Ruapehu and fell into the river, which led to 151 passenger's death. At that time, this tragic event was the 8th worst railway disaster in the world.







I mentioned horrible natural disasters happened in New Zealand's history, but don't worry! These disasters are pretty rare! As I said in the opening, New Zealand is really famous for its nature and nice to stay. Why don't you visit New Zealand sometime?

Treaty of Waitangi

This treaty was made on February 6th in 1840 between British and Maori in Waitangi, which is located in North Island. It is said that this treaty is the first one in New Zealand.

Why Was it Needed?

By 1839, it is believed that over 2000 pakeha lived in New Zealand. As lots of pakeha settled in New Zealand, the trouble between pakeha and Maori happened, mainly over trading. British government thought some kind of treaty was needed to prevent from false trading done by Maori, and they also wanted to protect the interest for them.

What Was Agreed on That Treaty?

Maori approved to give their interest to the Britain. Instead of that, Maori was guaranteed to own capital, and they also got the citizenship as English. British first got northern part of New Zealand, then claimed South Island belonged to Britain since it was first found by Captain Cook from Britain.

Controversy

The translation from English to Maori for treaty had some mistakes. For example, there was no word for “sovereignty” in Maori; therefore, Henry Williams used the word, “kawanatanga”, but actually the word means closer to “governance”. Due to the difference of the understanding, Maori thought that all lands belong to us, meanwhile British thought that New Zealand was colony of Britain.

What Made People Go to NZ?

New Zealand is composed of a lot of different ethnic group. How did they come from? For what?

Most people came to New Zealand from Britain. They had little chance to become rich in their country, so they came to New Zealand for self-betterment.

Their voyage took about 4 months or more depending on the weather. It was very hard, and there were not enough foods and fresh water in the ship. It was very uncomfortable to be in the ship, and illness spread rapidly through the ship, which caused many children's death.

Gold rush is another reason that many people started to settle in New Zealand, especially gold rush attracted many Chinese to settle in New Zealand.

Introduction to New Zealand

As you know, New Zealand is located in southern hemisphere, and made up of several different ethnic groups. Majority is European, and the others are Asian, Polynesian, African, Maori, etc.　Maori is native settler, whose culture is distinctive.


The climate of New Zealand is warm, and there are a lot of activities to do in New Zealand, such as scuba diving, bungee jumping, and sailing.